Therefore the 'androgen-depleting' potential of the BITI method which may replace ORX procedure in the basic researches has not been examined at all.
However, the main goal of the studies was an effective sterilization of non-experimental animals for birth control. Over the last few decades, several laboratories have developed more reliable chemical castration methods, using bilateral intratesticular injection (BITI) of simple chemical solutions such as glycerol ( Wiebe & Barr, 1984), lactic acid ( Fordyce et al., 1989), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 Jana & Samanta, 2007 Jana et al., 2002), zinc gluconate (Oliveira et al., 2012), and hypertonic saline (20% NaCl Emir et al., 2008 Emir et al., 2011 Kwak & Lee, 2013). Vaccines against GnRH have been reported to suppress reproduction in dogs ( Jung et al., 2005), but these approaches are unable to provide permanent sterility ( Rhodes, 2017). These drugs were chosen based on the strong backgrounds in endocrinology (i.e., hypothalamus-pituitary-testis hormonal axis), but they also have some drawbacks such as high cost, side effects (i.e., bone loss) and poor long-term efficacy ( Costantino et al., 2014). In general, chemical castration uses pharmaceutical drugs such as anti-androgens, steroidogenesis inhibitors and GnRH analogs ( Attar et al., 2009). Therefore substantial number of studies has been conducted to develop chemical castration method for a better alternative to the surgical procedure. Although the ORX method guarantees the perfect sterilization and sufficient testosterone (T) deprivation, it also has several disadvantages such as requirement of anesthesia, unwanted bleeding and infections ( Jana & Samanta, 2006). Setting aside human applications, surgical castration (also known as orchidectomy, ORX) has been frequently performed to avoid uncontrolled breeding of domestic and/or companion animals and to elucidate the androgen-related issues in biomedical researches. The present study suggests the hypertonic saline BITI could be a promising substitute to conventional surgical castration.Ĭastration can be scientifically defined as extirpation or suppression of testicular function, and can be classified as surgical or chemical ( Neto et al., 2014). In conclusion, we provided evidence that hypertonic saline BITI method has equivalent efficacy of T depletion to surgical castration in rats. In contrast, the effects of ORX and hypertonic saline BITI on hypothalamic GnRH gene expression were different from these gene expressions, shown an inverse relationship between the two groups (Intact:ORX:SAL = 1:0.45☐.06:1:2.07☐.41:1.51☐.37 AU ORX, p<0.001 SAL, p<0.05). Both ORX and BITI method induced similar stimulatory effects on the pituitary gonadotropin subunits and hypothalamic KiSS-1 gene expressions.
Serum testosterone (T) levels of ORX animals and hypertonic saline BITI animals (SAL) after 4 weeks of the manipulations exhibited significantly drops as compared with the levels of intact animals (Intact:ORX:SAL = 7.74± 1.31:1.34☐.19:1.28☐.18 ng/ml, p<0.001). The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of ORX and of hypertonic saline BITI on the androgen-sensitive tissues such as pituitary and hypothalamus. Several laboratories have developed chemical castration methods, using bilateral intratesticular injection (BITI) of simple chemical solutions. However, it has some serious disadvantages.
Surgical castration (also known as orchidectomy, ORX) has been frequently performed to avoid uncontrolled breeding.
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